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␈↓ ↓N␈↓αDialnet␈↓ b1


␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ αc1.  The DIALNET Idea                        ␈↓ π∞␈↓The␈α
usefulness␈αof␈α
the␈α
ARPAnet␈αhas␈α
prompted
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓many␈α≡non-defense␈α≡installations␈α≡to␈α≡try␈α≥to
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓↓Dialnet␈↓␈αis␈α
a␈αproposal␈α
for␈αprotocols␈α
that␈αwould     ␈↓ π∞␈↓connect␈α
to␈α
it,␈αand␈α
in␈α
some␈αcases␈α
this␈α
has␈αbeen
␈↓ ↓N␈↓permit␈α
ARPAnet-like␈αfacilities␈α
to␈α
be␈αprovided    ␈↓ π∞␈↓possible,␈α∩but␈α∩in␈α∩other␈α∩cases␈α∪the␈α∩institutional
␈↓ ↓N␈↓to␈α→any␈α→time-sharing␈α→computer␈α→system␈α→that         ␈↓ π∞␈↓and␈α≡nancial␈α
obstacles␈αhave␈α
been␈αinsuperable.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓implemented␈α∪them␈α∩and␈α∪equipped␈α∪itself␈α∩with        ␈↓ π∞␈↓The␈α
main␈α
≡nancial␈α
obstacles␈α
are␈α
the␈α∞need␈α
for
␈↓ ↓N␈↓telephone␈α→dialing␈α→equipment␈α→and␈α→modems.         ␈↓ π∞␈↓a␈α⊃dedicated␈α⊂computer␈α⊃called␈α⊂an␈α⊃IMP␈α⊂costing
␈↓ ↓N␈↓We␈α∩call␈α∩the␈α∩system␈α∩Dialnet␈α∩by␈α∩analogy,␈α∩but         ␈↓ π∞␈↓about␈α⊂$80,000␈α⊂at␈α⊂each␈α⊂site␈α⊂and␈α⊂the␈α⊃need␈α⊂for
␈↓ ↓N␈↓unlike␈α(the␈α(ARPAnet,␈α(it␈α(requires␈α'no               ␈↓ π∞␈↓dedicated␈αcommunication␈αlines␈αrented␈αby␈αDoD
␈↓ ↓N␈↓administrator to "admit" new members.       ␈↓ π∞␈↓at␈α'great␈α'expense␈α'from␈α'the␈α&telephone
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓companies.␈α
 Other␈αnetworks␈α
have␈αbeen␈α
started,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈α≡ARPAnet␈α≡connects␈α≡several␈α≥hundred            ␈↓ π∞␈↓but␈α∩they␈α∩all␈α⊃have␈α∩problems␈α∩of␈α∩expense␈α⊃and
␈↓ ↓N␈↓computer␈α∀facilities␈α∀and␈α∀allows␈α∀users␈α∃of␈α∀one       ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓↓also␈α
of␈α
deciding␈α
who␈α
should␈α
be␈α
on␈α∞them␈↓.␈α
 Some
␈↓ ↓N␈↓system␈αto␈αlog␈αin␈αon␈αothers,␈αallows␈αtransmission    ␈↓ π∞␈↓facilities␈α∞have␈α
gone␈α∞to␈α
the␈α∞expense␈α∞of␈α
joining
␈↓ ↓N␈↓of␈α"messages␈α!between␈α"users␈α"of␈α!di≥erent            ␈↓ π∞␈↓more than one network.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓computers,␈α⊗and␈α⊗allows␈α⊗the␈α⊗transfer␈α⊗of␈α⊗≡les
␈↓ ↓N␈↓between␈α∂computers.␈α∞ More␈α∂generally,␈α∂it␈α∞allows    ␈↓ π∞␈↓We␈α~can␈α~hope␈α→for␈α~protocols␈α~that␈α~can␈α→be
␈↓ ↓N␈↓interaction␈α!among␈α programs␈α!in␈α di≥erent          ␈↓ π∞␈↓implemented␈α~at␈α~any␈α≠time-shared␈α~computer
␈↓ ↓N␈↓computers.                                  ␈↓ π∞␈↓installation␈α$without␈α$joining␈α$any␈α$formal
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓network.␈α∃ The␈α∃hardware␈α∃cost␈α∃will␈α⊗be␈α∃from
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Notice␈α
that␈α
the␈α
problem␈αthat␈α
is␈α
to␈α
be␈αsolved␈α
by      ␈↓ π∞␈↓$1000␈α
to␈α
$5000␈α
depending␈α
on␈α
how␈α
di≠cult␈α
it␈α
is
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓↓Dialnet␈↓␈α⊗is␈α∃quite␈α⊗di≥erent␈α∃from␈α⊗that␈α∃which         ␈↓ π∞␈↓to␈α
connect␈αdevices␈α
to␈αthe␈α
computer.␈α There␈α
will
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓↓Decnet␈↓␈α%or␈α%the␈α%IBM␈α%Systems␈α%Network                ␈↓ π∞␈↓be␈α∃programs␈α∃to␈α∃operate␈α∃a␈α⊗telephone␈α∃dialer
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Architecture␈α≠is␈α≠designed␈α≠to␈α≠solve.␈α~ These        ␈↓ π∞␈↓(rented␈α⊂from␈α⊂the␈α⊂telephone␈α⊂company)␈α⊃and␈α⊂to
␈↓ ↓N␈↓others␈α∩are␈α∩designed␈α∩to␈α∩make␈α∩convenient␈α⊃the        ␈↓ π∞␈↓transmit␈α
signals␈α
and␈α
information␈α∞according␈α
to
␈↓ ↓N␈↓construction␈α∃of␈α∃≡xed␈α∃networks,␈α⊗mostly␈α∃local      ␈↓ π∞␈↓the␈α⊃protocols.␈α⊂ Any␈α⊃installation␈α⊂implementing
␈↓ ↓N␈↓and␈α≥with␈α≥dedicated␈α≡communications,␈α≥that         ␈↓ π∞␈↓the␈αprotocols␈αwill␈αbe␈αable␈αto␈αcommunicate␈αwith
␈↓ ↓N␈↓exchange␈α∃≡xed␈α⊗kinds␈α∃of␈α⊗information.␈α∃ The         ␈↓ π∞␈↓any␈α∂other.␈α∂ The␈α∂only␈α⊂disadvantage␈α∂compared
␈↓ ↓N␈↓ARPAnet␈αfacilities,␈αand␈α␈↓↓Dialnet␈↓␈αeven␈αmore␈αso,     ␈↓ π∞␈↓with␈α⊃the␈α⊃ARPAnet␈α⊂will␈α⊃be␈α⊃lower␈α⊃speed␈α⊂and
␈↓ ↓N␈↓are␈α∩intended␈α∩to␈α⊃allow␈α∩exchange␈α∩of␈α⊃messages        ␈↓ π∞␈↓higher␈α⊂cost␈α⊂when␈α∂the␈α⊂volume␈α⊂of␈α∂information
␈↓ ↓N␈↓and␈α
≡les␈α∞and␈α
remote␈α
terminal␈α∞without␈α
further      ␈↓ π∞␈↓transferred is very high.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓ado␈α∂between␈α∂any␈α∞users␈α∂whose␈α∂machines␈α∞have
␈↓ ↓N␈↓implemented␈α∂the␈α⊂protocols.␈α∂ At␈α∂a␈α⊂lower␈α∂level,     ␈↓ π∞␈↓Like␈αARPAnet,␈αDialnet␈αwill␈αbe␈αmost␈α
useful␈αto
␈↓ ↓N␈↓there␈α⊃may␈α⊃be␈α⊃some␈α⊃overlap␈α⊃between␈α⊃␈↓↓Dialnet␈↓         ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓↓full␈α⊗time-sharing␈α⊗systems␈↓.␈α⊗ In␈α⊗such␈α∃systems,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓and␈α⊗␈↓↓Decnet␈↓␈α∃protocols,␈α⊗and␈α∃at␈α⊗this␈α⊗level,␈α∃it        ␈↓ π∞␈↓each␈α∞user␈α∞has␈α∞named␈α∞disk␈α∞≡les␈α∞than␈α∂are␈α∞kept
␈↓ ↓N␈↓would be nice if they were the same.        ␈↓ π∞␈↓in␈α∩the␈α⊃system␈α∩even␈α⊃when␈α∩he␈α⊃is␈α∩absent␈α⊃(and
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓therefore␈α∀remotely␈α∀accessible),␈α∀and␈α∃new␈α∀≡les
␈↓ ↓N␈↓These␈α≠facilities␈α≠have␈α≠proven␈α≠valuable␈α~in         ␈↓ π∞␈↓can␈α∃be␈α∃created␈α∃by␈α∃≡le␈α∃transfer␈α∃from␈α∃other
␈↓ ↓N␈↓permitting␈α≤collaboration␈α≥between␈α≤computer      ␈↓ π∞␈↓machines␈α∪and␈α∪on␈α∪receipt␈α∪of␈α∪messages.␈α∪ The
␈↓ ↓N␈↓scientists␈α⊃at␈α⊃di≥erent␈α⊃sites␈α⊃and␈α∩in␈α⊃permitting    ␈↓ π∞␈↓usefulness␈α∩of␈α∪the␈α∩message␈α∪facilities␈α∩normally
␈↓ ↓N␈↓nationwide␈α∂access␈α∂to␈α∞unique␈α∂facilities␈α∂such␈α∞as    ␈↓ π∞␈↓requires␈α↔that␈α↔users␈α↔habitually␈α↔log␈α↔in␈α⊗each
␈↓ ↓N␈↓the␈α∩MACSYMA␈α∩system␈α∩for␈α∩computing␈α⊃with            ␈↓ π∞␈↓working␈α∀day␈α∀and␈α∀are␈α∀most␈α∃bene≡cial␈α∀when
␈↓ ↓N␈↓algebraic␈αand␈α
analytic␈αexpressions␈α
at␈αM.I.T.␈α
 It  ␈↓ π∞␈↓users␈α⊗have␈α⊗individual␈α⊗display␈α↔terminals␈α⊗in
␈↓ ↓N␈↓permits␈α⊂a␈α⊂new␈α∂form␈α⊂of␈α⊂publication␈α⊂in␈α∂which         ␈↓ π∞␈↓their␈α⊗o≠ces.␈α⊗ Further␈α⊗bene≡ts␈α↔accrue␈α⊗when
␈↓ ↓N␈↓documents␈α→are␈α_kept␈α→in␈α_the␈α→computer,␈α_are           ␈↓ π∞␈↓reports␈α⊗are␈α∃normally␈α⊗prepared␈α⊗at␈α∃terminals
␈↓ ↓N␈↓continuously␈α'updatable,␈α(are␈α'immediately        ␈↓ π∞␈↓and␈α∂when␈α∂secretaries␈α∞use␈α∂terminals␈α∂for␈α∞letters
␈↓ ↓N␈↓accessible␈α→throughout␈α→the␈α→country,␈α→and␈α→in        ␈↓ π∞␈↓and␈α∞messages.␈α∂ However,␈α∞many␈α∂less␈α∞advanced
␈↓ ↓N␈↓which␈αcomments␈αfrom␈αreaders␈αare␈αaccessible␈α
to     ␈↓ π∞␈↓installations␈α∞have␈α∞found␈α∞the␈α∞ARPAnet␈α
useful
␈↓ ↓N␈↓other readers.                              ␈↓ π∞␈↓and␈α∃more␈α∃and␈α∃more␈α∃systems␈α∃are␈α∃acquiring
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓economical full time-sharing capability.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓αDialnet␈↓ `2


␈↓ ↓N␈↓While␈αwe␈αexpect␈αthat␈αthe␈α≡rst␈αusers␈αof␈αDialnet      ␈↓ π∞␈↓β␈↓ π.link dave@utex-chem3
␈↓ ↓N␈↓will␈α*be␈α*regular␈α*computer␈α+users,␈α*the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓corresponding␈α⊃ARPAnet␈α⊃facilities␈α⊃have␈α⊃been      ␈↓ π∞␈↓A␈α∨connection␈α is␈α∨made␈α∨to␈α the␈α∨speci≡ed
␈↓ ↓N␈↓used␈α"by␈α!non␈α"computer␈α"people,␈α!Dialnet             ␈↓ π∞␈↓computer␈α⊗and,␈α⊗if␈α↔DAVE␈α⊗is␈α⊗logged␈α↔in,␈α⊗he
␈↓ ↓N␈↓protocols␈α⊂will␈α∂not␈α⊂require␈α∂ability␈α⊂to␈α∂program,    ␈↓ π∞␈↓immediately receives a message saying
␈↓ ↓N␈↓and␈α∀we␈α∀expect␈α∪increasing␈α∀use␈α∀by␈α∀others␈α∪as          ␈↓ π∞␈↓β␈↓ π.** Link request from Smith @SU-CHEM7
␈↓ ↓N␈↓terminals become more widespread.           ␈↓ π∞␈↓β␈↓ π.**
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓He␈α⊗could␈α⊗then␈α⊗type␈α⊗"␈↓βlink␈↓"␈α⊗and␈α↔have␈α⊗his
␈↓ ↓N␈↓In␈α⊃order␈α⊃to␈α⊂make␈α⊃the␈α⊃picture␈α⊃more␈α⊂concrete,        ␈↓ π∞␈↓keyboard␈α_and␈α_display␈α_e≥ectively␈α_linked␈α↔to
␈↓ ↓N␈↓here is a scenario of the use of the system.␈↓ π∞␈↓those of the caller, permitting a conversation.

                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓Let␈α⊂us␈α⊂suppose,␈α⊂however,␈α⊂that␈α⊂DAVE␈α⊂is␈α⊂not
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ β02.  Scenario                                ␈↓ π∞␈↓logged␈α⊂in␈α∂and␈α⊂the␈α∂caller␈α⊂is␈α∂so␈α⊂informed.␈α∂ He
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓then types
␈↓ ↓N␈↓A user named Smith types on his terminal    ␈↓ π∞␈↓β␈↓ π.locate dave@utex-chem3
␈↓ ↓N␈↓β␈↓ ↓nmail Organik                                ␈↓ π∞␈↓which␈α
obtains␈αthe␈α
following␈α
information␈αfrom
␈↓ ↓N␈↓β␈↓ ↓nDo you have any active work there on        ␈↓ π∞␈↓the speci≡ed computer:
␈↓ ↓N␈↓β␈↓ ↓nhuman red cell carbonic anhydrase B?        ␈↓ π∞␈↓β␈↓ π.David Piranha last logged out at
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓β␈↓ π.23:47 on 9 May 1976.  Plan: I will
␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈α_system␈α_looks␈α_up␈α_Organik␈α_in␈α↔Smith's            ␈↓ π∞␈↓β␈↓ π.be out of touch May 10 through 16.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓correspondent␈α≠≡le␈α≤and␈α≠discovers␈α≤that␈α≠his         ␈↓ π∞␈↓β␈↓ π.I plan to visit Martin Shumway at
␈↓ ↓N␈↓computer␈αpseudonym␈αis␈α"NAT"␈αat␈α
a␈αcomputer         ␈↓ π∞␈↓β␈↓ π.the University of Utah on May 17 and
␈↓ ↓N␈↓called␈α∞UTEX-CHEM1␈α∞that␈α∞is␈α∞reached␈α∞at␈α
512          ␈↓ π∞␈↓β␈↓ π.should return by May 18.  Will check
␈↓ ↓N␈↓471-3221␈α∀via␈α∀a␈α∀1200/150␈α∀baud␈α∀asychronous         ␈↓ π∞␈↓β␈↓ π.mail from Utah.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓modem.␈α∀ It␈α∀selects␈α∀an␈α∀outgoing␈α∀line␈α∀with␈α∪a
␈↓ ↓N␈↓matching␈α≤modem,␈α≤dials␈α≤the␈α≥number␈α≤and             ␈↓ π∞␈↓Noting␈α
that␈α
the␈α
current␈α
date␈α
is␈α
May␈α
14,␈αso␈α
that
␈↓ ↓N␈↓attempts␈α→to␈α→transmit␈α→the␈α→message.␈α~ If␈α→the         ␈↓ π∞␈↓there␈α
is␈α
no␈α
point␈α
in␈α
getting␈α
the␈α
message␈α
there
␈↓ ↓N␈↓transmitting␈α
computer␈α
cannot␈α
elicit␈α
a␈αresponse   ␈↓ π∞␈↓quickly, Smith types
␈↓ ↓N␈↓from␈αthe␈α
desired␈αrecipient,␈α
it␈αinforms␈α
the␈αuser    ␈↓ π∞␈↓β␈↓ π.night mail dave@utex-chem3
␈↓ ↓N␈↓that␈α⊃it␈α∩will␈α⊃try␈α∩again␈α⊃later␈α∩and␈α⊃send␈α∩him␈α⊃a          ␈↓ π∞␈↓β␈↓ π.I am interested in your work on
␈↓ ↓N␈↓message␈αwhen␈α
the␈αtransmission␈α
has␈αsucceeded.     ␈↓ π∞␈↓β␈↓ π.anhydrase B.  If possible, give
␈↓ ↓N␈↓If␈αthe␈αuser's␈αcorrespondent␈α≡le␈αdid␈αnot␈αcontain    ␈↓ π∞␈↓β␈↓ π.pointers to online documentation,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓the␈α7telepone␈α7number␈α8and␈α7modem                   ␈↓ π∞␈↓β␈↓ π.else give me a call at 415 497-4430
␈↓ ↓N␈↓characteristics,␈α∞the␈α
user␈α∞would␈α
have␈α∞to␈α
supply    ␈↓ π∞␈↓β␈↓ π.(Stanford) or 415 321-7580 (home).
␈↓ ↓N␈↓them.                                       ␈↓ π∞␈↓The␈α"night␈α
mail"␈αcommand␈α
causes␈αthe␈α
message
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓transmission␈α∂to␈α∞be␈α∂deferred␈α∂until␈α∞inexpensive
␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈α⊂identity␈α⊂and␈α∂location␈α⊂of␈α⊂the␈α⊂sender␈α∂and        ␈↓ π∞␈↓nighttime telephone rates are in force.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓date␈α
and␈α
time␈αof␈α
the␈α
message␈αare␈α
automatically
␈↓ ↓N␈↓placed␈α∩at␈α⊃the␈α∩front␈α∩of␈α⊃the␈α∩message.␈α∩ At␈α⊃the         ␈↓ π∞␈↓Additional␈α⊂capabilities␈α⊃of␈α⊂the␈α⊃Dialnet␈α⊂system
␈↓ ↓N␈↓receiving␈αend,␈αif␈αthe␈αaddressee␈αis␈αlogged␈αin␈αon     ␈↓ π∞␈↓can␈α
be␈α
used␈α
to␈α
follow␈α
up␈α
on␈α
the␈α
above␈α
inquiry,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓the␈αcomputer,␈αhe␈αis␈αimmediately␈αinformed␈αthat     ␈↓ π∞␈↓as follows.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓mail␈α∃has␈α∃arrived␈α∀and␈α∃from␈α∃whom.␈α∃ If␈α∀not
␈↓ ↓N␈↓logged␈αin,␈αhe␈αwill␈αreceive␈αthe␈αmessage␈αthe␈αnext     ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓π⊗␈↓ The ability to access remote text ≡les will be
␈↓ ↓N␈↓time␈αhe␈αlogs␈αin.␈α In␈αeither␈αcase,␈αhe␈αcan␈αuse␈αthe      ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π.provided (with permission of the owners
␈↓ ↓N␈↓same facility to respond:                   ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π.required, of course).  This interactive
␈↓ ↓N␈↓β␈↓ ↓nmail Smith                                  ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π.reading facility will include the addition of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓β␈↓ ↓nDavid Piranha (DAVE@UTEX-CHEM3) has         ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π."footnotes" to various parts of the text.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓β␈↓ ↓na student working on inhibition by          ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π.These footnotes may be declared private
␈↓ ↓N␈↓β␈↓ ↓nanions of anhydrase B.                      ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π.(i.e. belonging to the reader) or public
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π.(available to the author and possibly
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Following up on this lead, the user types   ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π.others).
␈↓ ↓N␈↓αDialnet␈↓ `3


␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓π⊗␈↓ It will be possible to run programs on a  ␈↓ π∞␈↓The␈α⊃most␈α⊃general␈α⊃use␈α⊃of␈α⊃Dialnet␈α⊃involves␈α⊃a
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓nremote computer, permitting experiments     ␈↓ π∞␈↓program␈α∩in␈α∪one␈α∩computer␈α∩"waking␈α∪up"␈α∩and
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓nwith programs developed in other places.    ␈↓ π∞␈↓interacting␈α!with␈α!a␈α!program␈α!in␈α another
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓nThis facility will permit the sharing of    ␈↓ π∞␈↓machine.␈α
 Dialnet␈α
protocols␈α
will␈αhandle␈α
human
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓nunique specialized capabilities over a      ␈↓ π∞␈↓messages␈α∃as␈α∃a␈α∃subcase␈α∃of␈α∃this,␈α⊗taking␈α∃into
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓ngeographically distributed population.      ␈↓ π∞␈↓account␈αthe␈αfact␈αthat␈αthe␈αsubcase␈αwill␈αhave␈αthe
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓most␈α∃application␈α∃for␈α⊗a␈α∃long␈α∃time␈α⊗to␈α∃come.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓π⊗␈↓ File transfers will be permitted, with    ␈↓ π∞␈↓Messages␈α∩about␈α∪where␈α∩to␈α∩deliver␈α∪a␈α∩message
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓nsuitable error detection and correction     ␈↓ π∞␈↓sent␈α
by␈α
one␈α
time-sharing␈α
system␈α
to␈α
another␈α
will
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓nfeatures, to permit sharing of data.  The   ␈↓ π∞␈↓be␈α∂handled␈α∂as␈α∂a␈α∂special␈α∂sort␈α∂of␈α⊂message␈α∂that
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓ncommunication protocol should be able to    ␈↓ π∞␈↓one␈αprogram␈αmay␈αsend␈αanother␈αin␈αcases␈αwhere
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓nadapt to a wide range of noise conditions   ␈↓ π∞␈↓the␈αtwo␈αprograms␈αare␈αnot␈αwritten␈αtogether,␈αbut
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓non phone lines.                             ␈↓ π∞␈↓each␈α⊂must␈α⊂know␈α⊂a␈α⊂certain␈α⊂"public"␈α∂language.
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓Thus␈α↔we␈α↔will␈α_attempt␈α↔to␈α↔make␈α_a␈α↔general
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓format␈α⊂for␈α∂requests,␈α⊂questions,␈α⊂and␈α∂assertions
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ β,3.  Protocols                               ␈↓ π∞␈↓suitable␈α∞for␈α
communication␈α∞between␈α
computer
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓programs.␈α⊃ We␈α⊃will␈α⊃study␈α⊃how␈α⊃to␈α∩make␈α⊃this
␈↓ ↓N␈↓In␈α∃order␈α∃to␈α∃make␈α∃these␈α∃facilities␈α∃available,      ␈↓ π∞␈↓mesh␈α⊃with␈α⊃communication␈α⊃between␈α⊃computer
␈↓ ↓N␈↓suitable␈α
protocols␈α
must␈α
be␈α
designed,␈α
and␈αin␈α
the    ␈↓ π∞␈↓programs and people.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓course␈αof␈αthis,␈αa␈αnumber␈αof␈αtechnical␈αproblems
␈↓ ↓N␈↓have␈α_to␈α_be␈α_solved.␈α_ Besides␈α_the␈α_protocols
␈↓ ↓N␈↓themselves,␈α3which␈α3are␈α2communication            ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ 	4.  Issues
␈↓ ↓N␈↓procedures␈αand␈αdata␈αstructures,␈αthere␈αwill␈αbe␈αa
␈↓ ↓N␈↓recommended␈α⊂set␈α∂of␈α⊂terminal-level␈α∂commands      ␈↓ π∞␈↓There␈αare␈αmany␈αissues,␈αand␈αwe␈αdon't␈αexpect␈αto
␈↓ ↓N␈↓with␈α∃syntax␈α⊗prompting␈α∃and␈α⊗standard␈α∃error         ␈↓ π∞␈↓settle␈α#all␈α"of␈α#them␈α"in␈α#the␈α#the␈α"initial
␈↓ ↓N␈↓messages.                                   ␈↓ π∞␈↓implementation.␈α Since␈α
we␈αexpect␈αmany␈α
of␈αthe
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓issues␈α#will␈α$be␈α#clari≡ed␈α#by␈α$the␈α#initial
␈↓ ↓N␈↓We␈αbelieve␈αthe␈α
experience␈αexists␈αto␈α
produce␈αa      ␈↓ π∞␈↓implementation,␈αwe␈αwill␈αconcentrate␈αon␈αgetting
␈↓ ↓N␈↓set␈α
of␈αworkable␈α
protocols,␈α
and␈αthat␈α
it␈α
is␈αbetter    ␈↓ π∞␈↓a␈α(reasonable␈α(≡rst␈α)implementation␈α(into
␈↓ ↓N␈↓to␈α~start␈α~with␈α~an␈α~implementation␈α≠than␈α~to           ␈↓ π∞␈↓experimental use.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓standardize␈αsomething␈αthat␈αdoesn't␈α
exist.␈α The
␈↓ ↓N␈↓latter␈α∀procedure␈α∀in␈α∀recent␈α∀years␈α∀has␈α∃led␈α∀to        ␈↓ π∞␈↓Here are some of the issues we will study:
␈↓ ↓N␈↓gold-plating␈α∃the␈α∃requirements␈α∃to␈α∃the␈α∃extent
␈↓ ↓N␈↓that the standard is not implementable.     ␈↓ π∞␈↓1.␈αWhat␈αerror␈αcorrection␈αfacilities␈αare␈αrequired
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓to␈α⊂make␈α⊂up␈α⊃for␈α⊂the␈α⊂de≡ciencies␈α⊃of␈α⊂telephone
␈↓ ↓N␈↓We␈α⊃propose␈α⊂to␈α⊃devise␈α⊂suitable␈α⊃protocols,␈α⊂test     ␈↓ π∞␈↓lines?
␈↓ ↓N␈↓them␈αat␈αa␈αfew␈αsites,␈αpublish␈αthem,␈αand␈αattempt
␈↓ ↓N␈↓to␈α∪convince␈α∪other␈α∪installations␈α∪to␈α∩implement     ␈↓ π∞␈↓2.␈α∂What␈α∂is␈α∂the␈α∂minimal␈α∂necessary␈α∂burden␈α∂on
␈↓ ↓N␈↓them.␈α
 Almost␈α
certainly,␈α
initial␈α
experience␈αwill ␈↓ π∞␈↓the␈α∩time-sharing␈α∩computers␈α∩carrying␈α∩out␈α∩the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓produce␈α≤a␈α≤requirement␈α≤for␈α≤changes,␈α≤and           ␈↓ π∞␈↓communication?␈α& What␈α&is␈α&the␈α%trade-o≥
␈↓ ↓N␈↓standardization␈α
committees␈αwill␈α
be␈αformed␈α
and    ␈↓ π∞␈↓between bu≥er size and compute time?
␈↓ ↓N␈↓set␈α#to␈α#work.␈α$ A␈α#likely␈α#forum␈α$for␈α#a
␈↓ ↓N␈↓standardization␈α∩e≥ort␈α∩would␈α∩be␈α∩through␈α⊃the       ␈↓ π∞␈↓3.␈α
Can␈αdial-up␈α
telephone␈α
communication␈αrates
␈↓ ↓N␈↓ACM␈α∀to␈α∀the␈α∀American␈α∃National␈α∀Standards           ␈↓ π∞␈↓meet␈α∀most␈α∀of␈α∀the␈α∀needs␈α∀for␈α∀communication
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Committee.                                  ␈↓ π∞␈↓between␈α≥computers␈α≥belonging␈α≡to␈α≥di≥erent
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓research organizations?
␈↓ ↓N␈↓We␈α$propose␈α$to␈α$allow␈α$interaction␈α#with
␈↓ ↓N␈↓ARPAnet␈α→sites␈α_via␈α→TIPs␈α_and␈α→propose␈α_to             ␈↓ π∞␈↓4.␈α
What␈αis␈α
the␈αbest␈α
way␈α
to␈αhandle␈α
the␈αfact␈α
that
␈↓ ↓N␈↓discuss␈α⊃with␈α∩ARPA␈α⊃and␈α⊃DCA␈α∩whether␈α⊃this            ␈↓ π∞␈↓di≥erent␈α∞modem␈α∞speeds␈α∞have␈α∞di≥erent␈α
prices?
␈↓ ↓N␈↓will be allowed.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓αDialnet␈↓ ]4


␈↓ ↓N␈↓Should␈αone␈αstrive␈αfor␈αa␈αstandard␈αspeed␈αor␈αcan
␈↓ ↓N␈↓a wide variety be easily accomodated?

␈↓ ↓N␈↓5.␈α_How␈α_will␈α_the␈α→improved␈α_communication
␈↓ ↓N␈↓a≥ect␈α∩research?␈α∩ Since␈α∩changes␈α∩will␈α∩be␈α∩slow,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓how␈α
can␈α∞we␈α
tell␈α
as␈α∞early␈α
as␈α
possible␈α∞what␈α
the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓e≥ects will be?

␈↓ ↓N␈↓6.␈α∞What␈α∞style␈α∞of␈α∞interaction␈α∞is␈α∂convenient␈α∞for
␈↓ ↓N␈↓both␈α↔experienced␈α↔and␈α_inexperienced␈α↔users?
␈↓ ↓N␈↓How␈α∩can␈α⊃communication␈α∩programs␈α∩be␈α⊃made
␈↓ ↓N␈↓self-teaching without being cumbersome?